Updating . .
Obama Just Expanded Protections Along California’s Coast — Can Trump Undo Them? -- In what is likely Barack Obama’s final environmental action before Donald Trump moves into the White House, the president has just expanded the existing California Coastal National Monument — adding a mix of lighthouses, rocky outcroppings, stands of redwoods and significant Native American grounds that will be knitted into the existing federal preserve on and off the coast from Humboldt County to Orange County. Julie Cart Calmatters.org -- 1/14/17
Thanks to Obama, coastal wildland preserved — but concerns remain -- Here on the remote Santa Cruz County coast, a little-known stretch of rolling hills has been thrust into the spotlight by President Obama, who in one of his final acts in office declared the area a national monument. But don’t dial it into your GPS just yet. The conservation of this wild and beautiful spot is part of a long story — and one that is still unfolding. Kurtis Alexander in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
Freshman Rep. Ro Khanna plunges into Congress’ whirlwind -- Ro Khanna’s first week or so in Congress passed in a blur of activity. Since being sworn in Jan. 3, the Fremont attorney has hired staff, cast more than 30 votes, given his first speech on the House floor and attended a weekend retreat for new members at Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia. But he still has had some moments to marvel at just how far he, the 40-year-old son of immigrants from India, has come. John Wildermuth in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
San Bernardino terror attack survivors still report treatment problems -- Survivors of the Dec. 2, 2015 terrorist attack in San Bernardino said Friday that treatment is still being delayed or denied after the county assigned an outside firm to expedite workers’ compensation claims. Suzanne Hurt in the Los Angeles Daily News$ -- 1/14/17
San Jose: Retired firefighters who owe tens of thousands speak out -- Four months after he was diagnosed with esophageal cancer, retired San Jose Fire Capt. Tom Gianatasio got another dose of dreadful news: He owes $34,042 because of a city error causing pension overpayments for two decades. Ramona Giwargis in the San Jose Mercury -- 1/14/17
Bay Area Refinery Malfunctions Lead to Jump in Gasoline Prices -- The price of gasoline in the Bay Area increased over the last month because of problems at the East Bay’s Chevron, Shell and Phillips 66 refineries, according to a new gas survey. Ted Goldberg KQED -- 1/14/17
Homeless: Many shun shelters — even in storms -- That underscores a key challenge for local officials in dealing with such a vulnerable population: Many so cherish their independence that they’d rather face the elements alone than accept an offered bed. And it’s a big worry, given deaths among the county’s homeless spiked to a six-year high in 2016. Eric Kurhi in the San Jose Mercury -- 1/14/17
Study: Obamacare repeal to cost Sonoma County 2,000 jobs, $200M -- If lawmakers successfully sink the law, they could eliminate a source of health insurance for more than 35,000 Sonoma County residents — like Tighe — cost the county 2,000 jobs and saddle it with an economic loss of nearly $200 million, according to University of California health care researchers. Patients would lose access to preventive care, treatment for acute and chronic conditions, as well as mental health services and dental care, local public health officials said. Guy Kovner in the Santa Rosa Press -- 1/14/17
Ten journalists battle efforts to make them testify in a San Bernardino county corruption case -- The California Shield Law, a provision of the state constitution, provides legal protections for journalists who seek to keep from disclosing sources and unpublished information that is obtained while gathering news. Prosecutors have said the information they are seeking does not fall under the protections of the law. Paloma Esquivel in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Lopez: Comfort, dignity, security; seniors extol virtues of low-rent housing while thousands of others wait in long line -- If you’re getting on in years and your income is flat but your expenses are not, finding an affordable home in Southern California may require a small miracle. Steve Lopez in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
SpaceX sends 10 satellites into orbit, lands rocket booster on drone ship in first flight since September explosion -- Analysts had described the launch as “all-important” for the Hawthorne space company to reestablish customer confidence and momentum after a Sept. 1 launchpad explosion in Florida destroyed a Falcon 9 rocket and a commercial communications satellite perched on top. Samantha Masunaga in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Trump kicks off Martin Luther King weekend by attacking civil rights legend John Lewis -- In yet another indication of his unwillingness to let criticism pass, Donald Trump has lashed out at “all talk … no action” national icon John Lewis, who was beaten repeatedly and nearly lost his life in the long struggle for civil rights. Cathleen Decke in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Jennifer Holliday backs out of Trump inauguration gig -- Broadway star Jennifer Holliday has backed out as a performer at next week's presidential inaugural, saying she did not realize that her participation would be interpreted as a statement of support for President-elect Donald Trump. Nancy Benac and David Bauder Associated Press -- 1/14/17
Orange Coast College professor addresses her viral Trump comments -- A community college teacher who attracted national attention for describing the election of Donald Trump as “an act of terrorism” said her comments were meant to comfort her students, not ignite political controversy. Roxana Kopetman in the Orange County Register -- 1/14/17
Meet the biker hosting the biggest pro-Trump demonstration at the inauguration -- Chris Cox surveyed a small park near the U.S. Capitol, his German shepherd by his side. Wearing a Harley-Davidson jacket and a crocodile-skin cowboy hat adorned with the animal’s teeth atop his moppy, curly hair, Cox made for a particularly discordant sight in the heart of federal Washington on a misty weekend morning. Perry Stein in the Washington Post$ -- 1/14/17
Scott Pruitt, Trump’s E.P.A. Pick, Backed Industry Donors Over Regulators -- A legal fight to clean up tons of chicken manure fouling the waters of Oklahoma’s bucolic northeastern corner — much of it from neighboring Arkansas — was in full swing six years ago when the conservative lawyer Scott Pruitt took office as Oklahoma’s attorney general. His response: Put on the brakes. Eric Lipton and Coral Davenport in the New York Times$ -- 1/14/17
Obama, who sought to ease partisanship, saw it worsen instead -- He first achieved national renown with a speech hailing bipartisanship, and spent much of his presidency singing the praises of cooperation across party lines. Christi Parsons, Lisa Mascaro in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
California Policy & Politics This Morning
Protest shuts down controversial UC Davis event with ‘alt-right’ editor and former pharma exec -- An increasingly rowdy demonstration at UC Davis led organizers to cancel a controversial event featuring Breitbart News editor Milo Yiannopoulos and Martin Shkreli, the former pharmaceutical executive reviled for raising the price of a potentially life-saving drug. The event’s sponsor, the UC Davis College Republicans, called off the event shortly before 7 p.m. Friday. Christopher Cadelago in the Sacramento Bee$ John King in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
California orders State Farm to cut residential rates immediately -- State Farm Insurance Co. is ignoring part of an order to reduce rates by 7 percent for homeowners and renters in California and must cut rates immediately for more than 260,000 customers, the state’s top insurance regulator said Friday. Bob Egelko in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
Jerry Brown’s budget probably understates California revenue, analyst says -- Gov. Jerry Brown’s proposed budget for the year beginning July 1 probably understates California income tax collections by billions of dollars, the Legislature’s non-partisan fiscal analyst said in a report Friday. Jim Miller in the Sacramento Bee$ John Myers in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Jerry Brown to GOP on Obamacare: Don’t just shift costs to states -- As the Republican-led Congress moved to repeal the federal health care law, Gov. Jerry Brown warned Friday that dismantling the Affordable Care Act without passing a suitable alternative wouldn’t just leave millions of Californians without care. Christopher Cadelago in the Sacramento Bee$ -- 1/14/17
Do they need a ‘damn satellite’? Why Trump worries California scientists -- At the conference last month where Gov. Jerry Brown declared the state would “launch its own damn satellite” if the Trump administration restricts access to climate data, a group of scientists from the University of California gathered in a side room to figure out how to do just that. Adam Ashton in the Sacramento Bee$ -- 1/14/17
Ready to rumble with Uncle Sam? -- If Donald Trump were elected president, Jerry Brown quipped before it actually happened, we’d have to build a wall around California to defend ourselves from the rest of the country. That was a joke, the governor quickly added. Such a wall would be 1,000 miles long, cost billions and be showy even by Golden State standards. But the sentiment behind it was no joke at all. Teri Sforza in the San Bernardino Sun$ -- 1/14/17
California Politics Podcast: Budget Bonanza -- This week's podcast episode is solely devoted to an in-depth discussion of Gov. Jerry Brown's new state budget plan and the political wrangling in Sacramento that depends, in so many ways, on what happens in Washington. With John Myers and Melanie Mason of the Los Angeles Times, Marisa Lagos of KQED News and Anthony York of the Grizzly Bear Project. Link Here -- 1/14/17
Ex-senator Isadore Hall loses congressional bid, gets $142,095 appointment -- Two months after losing his congressional bid in an upset, former state Sen. Isadore Hall has found his way back into California politics. Alexei Koseff in the Sacramento Bee$ -- 1/14/17
National City mayor is up for a 32 percent raise -- National City, the poorest city in San Diego County, is set to grant a raise to its mayor, already one of the top-paid in the region. James DeHaven in the San Diego Union-Tribune$ -- 1/14/17
Sonoma County Sheriff’s Office, Santa Rosa police pull out of California gang database -- Sonoma County’s two largest law enforcement agencies have stopped using a controversial statewide gang database criticized in a state audit that concluded it was riddled with old, unverified and inaccurate information, causing some people to be improperly identified as gang members. Julie Johnson in the Santa Rosa Press -- 1/14/17
Report slams LA officials for ignoring red flags in WorkSource Centers program -- Los Angeles officials who were in charge of the city’s $17.5 million job resource center program ignored early red flags and failed to report questionable activity by a contractor that is now facing allegations of conspiracy and embezzlement, according to a scathing report released by the City Controller’s Office today. Elizabeth Chou in the Los Angeles Daily News$ -- 1/14/17
After 'pretty extraordinary' snowfall, Sierra Nevada braces for another battering from atmospheric river -- Across the Sierra Nevada this weekend, residents and officials are assessing the damage from a series of powerful storms before a new round from the atmospheric river arrives next week. Rong-Gong Lin II and Joseph Serna in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Economy, Employers, Jobs, Unions, Pensions
LA 2024 committee says it has a plan to protect taxpayer dollars in hosting the Olympics -- The leader of a private committee bidding to bring the Summer Olympics back to Los Angeles appeared before city officials Friday to once again face questions about whether the multibillion-dollar sporting event might pose a threat to taxpayer dollars. David Wharton in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Residents rip plan for towering apartment complex in Granada Hills -- The parade of protesters in front of Councilman Mitch Englander’s district office in Chatsworth on Friday bore such signs as “Stop traffic congestion,” “Not safe for kids” and “Stop 440 apartments.” Dana Bartholomew in the Los Angeles Daily News$ -- 1/14/17
Chargers' move shows California is done spending public money on the NFL -- The Chargers’ dramatic split from the city of San Diego may be a sign that California is officially done spending public money on sports franchises. Natalie Kitroeff and Daniel Miller in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
UC Berkeley Study Predicts Positive Economic Benefit From California’s Minimum Wage Increases -- Are minimum wage increases good for the economy on the whole or bad? Getting an accurate, nuanced answer to that question is no easy task. Sam Harnett KQED -- 1/14/17
Education
This college just paid a $28,000 ransom, in bitcoin, to cyberattackers -- The cyberattack struck Los Angeles Valley College late last month, disrupting email, voice mail and computer systems at the public community college in Southern California. Then, school officials found a ransom note. Nick Anderson in the Washington Post$ -- 1/14/17
Environment
Department of Energy wants to alter clean-up plans for toxic Santa Susana site -- A clean-up plan for a contaminated portion of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory has been released by a federal agency, with some saying the options don’t go far enough while others call some alternatives just right. Susan Abram in the Los Angeles Daily News$ -- 1/14/17
EPA's bee decisions are sweet for growers, but they sting environmentalists -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency backed away from tough restrictions on how pesticides can be used while honeybees are pollinating crops, and it declared that three of the pesticides most closely associated with bee deaths are safe in most applications. Geoffrey Mohan in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
A traffic map for blue whales -- A new forecasting tool will help scientists predict blue whale traffic, as the ocean behemoths make their annual migration. The tool allows researchers to post online maps showing likely “hot spots” for blue whales that will help ship captains avoid collisions with the animals. Deborah Sullivan Brennan in the San Diego Union-Tribune$ -- 1/14/17
Health
Pasadena heart surgery patients warned of possible infections -- Pasadena’s Huntington Hospital has sent letters to all patients having open heart surgery in the last four years warning them that they may have been infected with a dangerous bacteria. Melody Petersen in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Lee now open to safe injection sites, yet not fully convinced -- Mayor Ed Lee said this week that he is open to the idea of safe injection sites in San Francisco, a significant shift from his earlier outspoken opposition to the concept. Emily Green in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
Key state HIV program in disarray after contract switch -- A change in contractors for a state-run AIDS program has resulted in enrollment delays and left some patients unable to get necessary medications and timely medical care, according to legislators and nonprofit organizations across California. Anna Gorman KPCC -- 1/14/17
Hiltzik: Here are the lies Paul Ryan told about Obamacare during his town hall meeting -- We know that House Speaker Paul D. Ryan (R-Wisc.) is desperate to repeal the Affordable Care Act. What he never has been able to explain adequately is why. Michael Hiltzik in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/14/17
Legionnaires’ disease diagnosed in Fresno nursing home patient -- Fresno County’s health officer alerted hospitals and nursing homes three months ago that cases of Legionnaires’ disease have been increasing in the county and nationwide – and three weeks ago a resident of a northeast Fresno nursing home was diagnosed with the respiratory disease. Barbara Anderson in the Fresno Bee -- 1/14/17
Also . . .
San Francisco police face pressure to release footage of shooting by officer -- The police shooting of a man in San Francisco’s Ocean View neighborhood has presented the city force with its first major challenge after outfitting officers with body-worn cameras: determining when the footage should be released to the public. Vivian Ho in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
Petaluma pays $1.25M to settle harassment suit brought by female firefighter -- Petaluma will pay $1.25 million to a woman who used to be a firefighter for the city as part of a settlement with her over a lawsuit that claimed she was routinely harassed and discriminated against at work because of her gender. Christi Warren in the Santa Rosa Press -- 1/14/17
LA councilman calls for rapid response to reopen Laurel Canyon after landslide -- Commuters were again forced to find alternate routes today, with a heavily traveled section of Laurel Canyon Boulevard through the Hollywood Hills expected to remain closed through at least late Monday after part of a home’s concrete foundation tumbled down a hillside following heavy rain. The item is in the Los Angeles Daily News$ -- 1/14/17
San Francisco library book returned, 100 years overdue -- Webb Johnson of Fairfield returned a San Francisco library book Friday, 100 years late. There was no fine. “Whew,” Johnson said. Steve Rubenstein in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/14/17
POTUS 45
Intelligence Committee will investigate possible Russia-Trump links -- Senate Intelligence Chairman Richard Burr (R-N.C.) said late Friday that his committee will investigate possible contacts between Donald Trump’s campaign and Russia, reversing himself one day after telling reporters that the issue would be outside of his panel’s ongoing probe into Moscow’s election-disruption efforts. Elana Schor Politico -- 1/14/17
Trump Open to Shift on Russia Sanctions, ‘One China’ Policy -- President-elect Donald Trump suggested he would be open to lifting sanctions on Russia and wasn’t committed to a longstanding agreement with China over Taiwan—two signs that he would use any available leverage to realign the U.S.’s relationship with its two biggest global strategic rivals. Peter Nicholas, Paul Beckett and Gerald F. Seib in the Wall Street Journal$ -- 1/14/17
Clinton allies exact revenge on Trump -- In the flashback to their campaign roles, the Clinton allies largely addressed the imminent Justice Department inspector general review. But former Clinton press secretary Brian Fallon poked the bear Friday morning, questioning the legitimacy of Trump’s surprise Election Day victory over Clinton. Nolan D. McCaskill Politico -- 1/14/17
Who’s covering up the logos on the inauguration portable toilets? -- A “Whodunnit?” unfolded online Friday morning as people wondered what was going on with those, uh, portable toilets set up around the U.S. Capitol for the upcoming inauguration. Perry Stein and Petula Dvorak in the Washington Post$ -- 1/14/17
Some upset over National Cathedral’s decision to participate in Trump’s inauguration -- The National Cathedral’s Choir of Men, Boys and Girls will sing at the inauguration on Jan. 20, prompting an outcry from some who don’t believe Christians should participate in a ceremony for Trump, who has been decried for his comments on immigrants, Muslims and other groups. Sarah Pulliam Bailey in the Washington Post$ -- 1/14/17
Beltway
Republicans move to spend billions on Obamacare — before they kill it -- On their way to killing Obamacare, Republicans are leaning toward funding up to $9 billion in health care subsidies this year to keep the program afloat — even though they sued the Obama administration to stop those exact payments. Jennifer Haberkorn Politico -- 1/14/17
How bad is cybersecurity czar Giuliani at cybersecurity? His company website is a mess -- President-elect Donald Trump tapped Rudy Giuliani as his “go to” guy this week on cybersecurity, but it turns out that Giuliani’s New York firm could use a little better security of its own. The website for the former New York mayor’s firm, Giuliani Security, is riddled with vulnerabilities, and numerous tech experts cackled over the irony on social media. Tim Johnson McClatchy DC -- 1/14/17
-- Friday Updates
California farm labor board chairman quits in anger -- William B. Gould IV, California Gov. Jerry Brown’s appointee to lead the board charged with protecting the rights of the state’s farmworkers, announced his resignation Friday, accusing the state bureaucracy of stalling one of his key proposals. Geoffrey Mohan in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Tensions mount at state Capitol -- No one in and around the Capitol knows what will happen; almost everyone is worried. Republicans in Washington are moving at long last to follow through on their oft-repeated vow to dismantle the Affordable Care Act (ACA). On Friday the House, along mostly partisan lines, approved the first step of the ACA repeal. The Senate earlier acted similarly. Chuck McFadden Capitol Weekly -- 1/13/17
California's bullet train is hurtling toward a multibillion-dollar overrun, a confidential federal report warns -- California’s bullet train could cost taxpayers 50% more than estimated — as much as $3.6 billion more. And that’s just for the first 118 miles through the Central Valley, which was supposed to be the easiest part of the route between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ralph Vartabedian in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Oakland whistleblower: I spent two years complaining about fire inspections -- In December 2015, after two years working for the Oakland Fire Department fire inspection bureau, Mark Grissom walked out for lunch and never went back. David Debolt, Matthias Gafni and Thomas Peele in the East Bay Times -- 1/13/17
California attorney general nominee clears state Assembly -- The first chamber of the California Legislature has confirmed U.S. Rep. Xavier Becerra to be the state's next attorney general. Democrats in the California Assembly voted Friday to support the Los Angeles-area Democrat as the state's top law enforcement official. Associated Press -- 1/13/17
No, this isn't Tahoe -- In this brave new world of fake news, even snowdrifts aren't safe. Despite tons of real snow in the northern Sierra — 24 feet for the season by last count — old photos of walls of snow are surfacing on Facebook and being passed off as current images of Tahoe locations. Mike Moffitt in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/13/17
What's in Brown's new budget? A $65 vehicle fee, more Medi-Cal spending, a bigger rainy-day fund and more -- Gov. Jerry Brown’s newly unveiled state budget calls for spending $179.5 billion in the coming fiscal year, while offering ways to avoid what he believes would otherwise be California’s first deficit in more than three years. John Myers in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
San Francisco City College stays open, ‘accreditation nightmare is over’ -- The private commission that has threatened for five years to revoke the school’s accreditation gave the college the good news on Friday, telling administrators that it extended the school’s accreditation for a full term of seven years. Nanette Asimov in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/13/17
Rules for body cameras are left to local police departments as lawmakers struggle to pass statewide regulations -- Over the past two years, police departments up and down California have outfitted their patrol officers with body-worn cameras in an effort to boost community trust in law enforcement. Liam Dillon in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
EPA moves to preserve gas mileage requirements before Trump takes office -- The Environmental Protection Agency moved Friday to cement strict fuel economy requirements that force the auto industry to make new cars and trucks significantly more efficient, a decision that will be difficult for the incoming Trump administration to undo. Russ Mitchell in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Speaker’s office overhauls communications support for Assembly Democrats -- The restructuring of the Speaker’s Office of Member Services, which maintains member websites, creates and sends mail on their behalf, and provides video and audio services, is being led by Rendon com munications director John Casey, who said Thursday that the plan is still in development. Alexei Koseff in the Sacramento Bee$ -- 1/13/17
More density coming to San Diego's urban core -- New development blueprints for the neighborhoods surrounding Balboa Park call for dense housing and commercial projects along transportation corridors, but limited changes elsewhere to preserve community character. David Garrick in the San Diego Union-Tribune$ -- 1/13/17
Wells Fargo quarterly earnings fall in wake of bogus-accounts scandal -- Wells Fargo & Co. on Friday reported a 6% drop in fourth-quarter profit in the wake of a scandal over its employees creating as many as 2 million accounts without customer authorization. Jim Puzzanghera in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
L.A. County's public defender quietly retires, praising staff as 'foot soldiers of the Constitution' -- Ronald L. Brown, a longtime attorney who led the Los Angeles County public defender’s office for five years, has quietly retired. Brown submitted a letter notifying the Board of Supervisors in November about his decision to step down, effective Dec. 31. Matt Hamilton in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Two more candidates say they're running for Xavier Becerra's congressional seat, bringing field to 14 -- William Rodriguez Morrison, a Republican, and Tenaya Wallace, a Democrat, have not yet filed papers with the Federal Election Commission, but say they will run for the seat, which Becerra is expected to vacate if confirmed as state attorney general. Christine Mai-Duc in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Meningitis death prompts warning at Marin County fitness studio -- A 48-year-old man died from bacterial meningitis in Marin County last week, prompting health officers to notify several hundred people who were potentially exposed to the disease — including those who exercised at the same Larkspur fitness studio as the stricken man, officials said Friday. Jenna Lyons in the San Francisco Chronicle -- 1/13/17
Trump aides respond to report that raises legal questions about calls with Russian ambassador -- Members of President-elect Donald Trump’s transition team tried Friday to clarify the nature of contact between the incoming national security advisor and a senior Russian official after a report raised questions about whether the interactions may have been illegal. Michael A. Memoli in the Los Angeles Times$ -- 1/13/17
Trump’s business ties prompt a showdown between a tiny ethics office and the GOP -- The dispute erupted Friday after a top House Republican demanded to question the director of the independent Office of Government Ethics, who took the unusual step this week of denouncing Trump for retaining ownership of his businesses while transferring management to his sons. Lisa Rein in the Washington Post$ -- 1/13/17
Trump said he’d do a lot — fast. Expectations, meet reality. -- But ahead of his swearing-in next Friday, the extraordinarily high expectations that Trump has set are running into the logjam known as American democracy. While every new president confronts Washington’s sluggish culture, Trump’s more grandiose and hard-line ideas could face unprecedented challenges — logistical and even constitutional. Robert Costa and Philip Rucker in the Washington Post$ -- 1/13/17
Donald Trump has persuaded Republicans to doubt the intelligence on Russia’s hacking -- Donald Trump this week finally came around (kind of) to the intelligence community's conclusion that Russia engaged in hacking in an attempt to influence the 2016 U.S. election. But he remains dubious about its conclusion that the effort was intended to help him — or that it did so. And as it turns out, so do the vast majority of Republicans. Aaron Blake in the Washington Post$ -- 1/13/17
John Lewis doesn’t think Donald Trump is a legitimate president -- And it's no surprise it comes from the Congressional Black Caucus, which has been particularly incensed by Trump's own questioning of the current president's legitimacy. Aaron Blake in the Washington Post$ -- 1/13/17